Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a effective technology for wastewater treatment due to their ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms. To optimize the performance of these systems, several key factors need to be carefully considered. The sel

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has emerged as a promising solution for treating wastewater due to its ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids. MBRs combine the principles of biological treatment with membrane filtration, resulting in an efficient and versatile mechanism for water purification. The

Nanobubbles, minute spheres of gas encapsulated within a liquid, are emerging as a revolutionary platform with immense potential across various fields. These entities, often generated through specialized methods, possess remarkable attributes such as boosted permeability. This inherent ability makes them suitable for a range of applications, from i